Male Red-winged Blackbirds with experimentally dulled epaulets experience no disadvantage in sexual selection

نویسندگان

  • Ken Yasukawa
  • David A. Enstrom
  • Patricia G. Parker
  • Thomas C. Jones
چکیده

The epaulets of male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) are frequently cited as a sexually selected plumage ornament, but a number of laboratory and field studies provide little evidence that they are currently experiencing sexual selection. We used hair dye to dull epaulets of free-living territorial males prior to pair formation to determine if manipulated males experienced disadvantages in comparison with control males. We found no differences between control males and males with dulled epaulets in territorial behavior (territory size, song rate, trespass rate, and loss of territory), paternal care (time spent on territory and in antipredator sentinel behavior, and response to a model crow to simulate the threat of predation), pairing success (number of social mates), apparent reproductive success (numbers of nesting attempts, eggs/nest, nestlings/egg, and fledglings/nestling), or realized reproductive success (numbers of within-pair, extra-pair, and total fledglings as determined by DNA fingerprinting). We then used a meta-analysis of 11 published studies of Red-winged Blackbirds to determine if there is an overall effect of epaulet color or size on male-male competition, female choice, or reproductive success. Our results show that epaulet size has a small positive effect on male reproductive success, but epaulet color has no effect on male-male competition, female choice, and male reproductive success. One explanation for the seeming contradiction between studies that show that epaulets are necessary for territory defense and those that conclude that epaulets are not currently under selection is that epaulets serve as one of several cues of species recognition, especially among males at close range. An alternative explanation proposes counter-balancing intersexual advantages and intrasexual disadvantages of epaulet expression. Additional studies are needed to test these alternatives. RESUMEN. Machos de Agelaius phoeniceus con charreteras apagadas experimentalmente no tienen ninguna desventaja en la selección sexual Las charreteras de Agelaius phoeniceus son frecuentemente citadas como un ornamento que se encuentra bajo la selección sexual, pero los estudios en el laboratorio y en el campo proveen poca evidencia de que estos ornamentos están actualmente bajo la selección sexual. Usamos tinte para el cabello para apagar los colores de las charreteras de machos territoriales silvestres antes de que formaran parejas. El objetivo fue determinar si machos afectados con el tinte experimentarı́an desventajas en comparación con machos usados como control. No encontramos diferencias entre machos usados como control y machos con charreteras apagadas en su comportamiento de territorialidad (tamaño del territorio, tasa de canto, tasa de entradas al territorio por parte de coespecı́ficos, y perdida de territorio), cuidado paternal (tiempo en el territorio y el comportamiento de centinela contra depredadores, y la respuesta a un modelo de un cuervo para simular el peligro de depredación), éxito de pareja (numero de hembras que nidifican en el territorio del macho), éxito reproductivo aparente (numero de intentos de nidificación, de huevos/nido, de pichones/huevos, y volantones/pichón), o éxito reproductivo actual (numero de volantones por pareja o producidos extra-parentalmente, y total numero de volantones determinado mediante el ADN). Usamos un meta-análisis de 11 estudios publicados de A. phoeniceus para determinar si existe un efecto del color o tamaño de la charretera a la competición entre machos, al tipo de macho escogido por la hembra, o al éxito reproductivo. Nuestros resultados demuestran que el tamaño de la charretera tiene un pequeño efecto positivo sobre éxito reproductivo pero que el color de la charretera no tiene un efecto sobre la competición entre machos, al tipo de macho escogido por la hembra, o al éxito reproductivo del macho. Una explicación para la aparente contradicción entre los estudios que demuestran que las charreteras son necesarias para la defensa del territorio y de los que concluyen que las charreteras no están actualmente bajo la selección es que las charreteras sirven como una de varias señales en el reconocimiento de la especie, especialmente entre machos a corta distancia. Una explicación alternativa propone que existe un balance entre ventajas intersexuales y desventajas intrasexuales en la expresión de las charreteras. Estudios adicionales son necesarios para probar estas alternativas. 4Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] 5Present address: Department of Biology, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121. 6Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee

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تاریخ انتشار 2010